httperf—a tool for measuring web server performance
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Linux Journal
On the constancy of internet path properties
IMW '01 Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Measurement
Flash crowds and denial of service attacks: characterization and implications for CDNs and web sites
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on World Wide Web
Flash crowd mitigation via adaptive admission control based on application-level observations
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
Evaluating the utility of content delivery networks
Proceedings of the 4th edition of the UPGRADE-CN workshop on Use of P2P, GRID and agents for the development of content networks
CDNsim: A simulation tool for content distribution networks
ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS)
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Unexpected surges in request traffic (e.g., flash crowds) can exercise server-side resources such as access bandwidth, CPU, and disks in unanticipated ways. Administrators today do not have the requisite tools to fully understand the effect that flash crowds can have on server-side resources. As a result, most Web-servers today rely on significant over-provisioning, strict admission control, or alternatively use potentially expensive solutions like CDNs to provide high availability under load. A more fine-grained understanding of the performance of servers under emulated but controlled flash crowd like conditions can guide administrators to make more efficient provisioning and resource management decisions. We present the initial design of Mini-Flash Crowds (MFC) -- a light-weight wide-area profiling service that reveals resource bottlenecks in a Web-server infrastructure, including access bandwidth, processing resources, and back-end data management. The MFC approach is based on a set of controlled measurements in which an increasing number of distributed clients make synchronized requests to exercise specific resources of a remote server. Using a number of wide-area experiments and controlled lab tests, we show that our approach can faithfully track the impact of request loads on different server resources. Our approach is non-intrusive and thus we can use it to actively probe numerous live Web servers. We present the results from a preliminary measurement study of resource provisioning on public Web servers.