Visual detection of LSB-encoded natural image steganography

  • Authors:
  • Paul Watters;Frances Martin;H. Steffen Stripf

  • Affiliations:
  • Medical Research Council, London, UK;University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay TAS, Australia;Macquarie University, NSW, Australia

  • Venue:
  • ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
  • Year:
  • 2008

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Abstract

Many steganographic systems embed hidden messages inside the least significant bit layers of colour natural images. The presence of these messages can be difficult to detect by using statistical steganalysis. However, visual steganalysis by humans may be more successful in natural image discrimination. This study examined whether humans could detect least-significant bit steganography in 15 color natural images from the VisTex database using a controlled same/different task (N = 58) and a yes/no task (N = 61). While d′ 1 was observed for color layers 4--8, layers 1--3 had d′