Unreliable point facility location problems on networks
Discrete Applied Mathematics
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Consider the problem of locating servers in a network for the purpose of storing data, performing an application, etc., so that at least one server will be available to clients even if up to $k$ component failures occur throughout the network. Letting $G = (V,E)$ be the graph with vertex set $V$ and edge set $E$ representing the topology of the network, and letting $L \subseteq V$ be a set of potential locations for the servers, a fundamental problem is to determine a minimum-size set $S \subseteq L$ such that the network remains connected to $S$ even if up to $k$ component failures occur throughout the network. We say that such a set $S$ is $k$-fault-tolerant. In this paper we present an algebraic characterization of $k$-fault-tolerant sets in terms of affine embeddings of $G$ in $k$-dimensional Euclidean space. Employing this characterization, we present a polynomial-time Monte Carlo algorithm for computing a minimum-size $k$-fault-tolerant subset $S$ of $L$. In fact, we solve the following more general problem for directed networks: given a digraph $G = (V,E)$ (an undirected graph is equivalent to a symmetric digraph) and a subset $L \subseteq V$, we find a $k$-fault-tolerant subset $S$ of $L$ having minimum cost, where a unary integer cost $c(v)$ is associated with locating a server at vertex $v \in V$.