The GOMS family of user interface analysis techniques: comparison and contrast
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals
Communications of the ACM
CTTE: support for developing and analyzing task models for interactive system design
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation
Temporal Aspects of Tasks in the User Action Notation
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Computer aided observations of complex mobile situations
CHI '07 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Towards an integrated approach for task modeling and human behavior recognition
HCI'07 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Human-computer interaction: interaction design and usability
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The modeling of parallel activities requires a notation which can represent the temporal dependencies as well as variations of the execution order of the activities. This paper introduces ART (Activity Relation Trees), a notation to describe temporal dependencies between activities. ART is based on ConcurTaskTrees (CTT) that are extended with the means to describe temporal relationships. Furthermore, we present an algorithm that allows to automatically generate ART models from observed examples. Because former approaches for automatic model acquisition were restricted to strictly sequential data and cannot be applied in the case of parallel activities, we developed a method to reduce the problem of automatic modeling of parallel activities to the simpler task of modeling sequential data. By grouping activities and distinguishing different phases we are able to form general descriptions of a scenario that include variations in the execution order. The paper defines all necessary concepts and describes the algorithm in detail. The evaluation of the algorithm shows that precise models can be generated by using only few examples.