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Two well known problems that can cause performance degradations in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks are the exposed-node (EN) and hidden-node (HN) problems. While there have been isolated and incidental studies of EN and HN, a comprehensive treatment has not been attempted. The contributions of this paper are three-fold. First, we provide rigorous mathematical definitions for EN and HN in wireless networks (including Wireless LANs with multiple Access Points, and ad-hoc networks). Second, we relate EN to non-scalability of network throughput; and HN to unfair throughput distributions. Third, we provide schemes to eliminate EN and HN respectively. We show that the standard 802.11 technology is not scalable because, due to EN, more Access Points (APs) do not yield higher total throughput. By removing EN, our schemes make it possible to achieve scalable throughput commensurate with the seminal theoretical results in [1], [2]. In addition, by removing HN, our schemes solve the performance problems triggered by HN, including throughput unfairness/starvation and re-routing instability.