Comparing keyword search to semantic search: a case study in solving crossword puzzles using the Google™ API

  • Authors:
  • David E. Goldschmidt;Mukkai Krishnamoorthy

  • Affiliations:
  • Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, U.S.A.;Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, U.S.A.

  • Venue:
  • Software—Practice & Experience
  • Year:
  • 2008

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Abstract

Keyword-based search engines such as Google" index Web pages forhuman consumption. Sophisticated as such engines have become,surveys indicate almost 25% of Web searchers are unable to finduseful results in the first set of URLs returned (TechnologyReview, March 2004). The lack of machine-interpretableinformation on the Web limits software agents from matching humansearches to desirable results. Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of theWeb, has architected the Semantic Web in whichmachine-interpretable information provides an automated means totraversing the Web. A necessary cornerstone application is thesearch engine capable of bringing the Semantic Web togetherinto a searchable landscape. We implemented a Semantic WebSearch Engine (SWSE) that performs semanticsearch, providing predictable and accurate results to queries.To compare keyword search to semantic search, we constructed theGoogle CruciVerbalist (GCV), which solves crosswordpuzzles by reformulating clues into Google queries processed viathe Google API. Candidate answers are extracted from query results.Integrating GCV with SWSE, we quantitatively show how semanticsearch improves upon keyword search. Mimicking the human brain'sability to create and traverse relationships between facts, ourtechniques enable Web applications to think using semanticreasoning, opening the door to intelligent search applications thatutilize the Semantic Web. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.