Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Research challenges in wireless networks of biomedical sensors
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Wireless sensor networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
IPDPS '02 Proceedings of the 16th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium
TEEN: ARouting Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks
IPDPS '01 Proceedings of the 15th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium
Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks
HICSS '00 Proceedings of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume 8 - Volume 8
Intelligent fluid infrastructure for embedded networks
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Protocols for data propagation in wireless sensor networks
Wireless communications systems and networks
Efficient and robust protocols for local detection and propagation in smart dust networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
Middleware design for integration of sensor network and mobile devices
DSM '05 Proceedings of the 2nd international doctoral symposium on Middleware
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing - Special issue: Algorithms for wireless and ad-hoc networks
Robomote: enabling mobility in sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Clustering and load balancing in hybrid sensor networks with mobile cluster heads
QShine '06 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Quality of service in heterogeneous wired/wireless networks
Scalable Data Collection Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks with Multiple Mobile Sinks
ANSS '07 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Simulation Symposium
Using predictable observer mobility for power efficient design of sensor networks
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Multiple controlled mobile elements (data mules) for data collection in sensor networks
DCOSS'05 Proceedings of the First IEEE international conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
International Journal of Sensor Networks
A new clustering scheme for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Mobile Computing and Multimedia
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Applications that require fast response time such as emergency preparedness and hostile environment surveillance pose challenging obstacles to wireless sensor network (WSN) protocols. A routing protocol must provide fast and reliable techniques for data propagation. Most routing solutions for WSNs utilize static sinks to collect data from the entire network. This approach results in high traffic load in the sink's vicinity. The nodes located near the sink will be more requested than other nodes in the network. Therefore, these nodes will consume more energy and face high congestion in a large scale network. In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of deploying mobile data collectors in order to alleviate the high traffic load and resulting bottleneck in a sink's vicinity caused by static approaches. Our proposed MDC/PEQ protocol employs mobile data collectors (MDCs) that broadcast beacons periodically. Sensor nodes that receive the beacon will join the MDC's cluster and update their routing information in order relay data packets to the MDC. Sensor nodes use the signal strength of the beacon in order to perform a simple but efficient route re-configuration (handoff). An extensive set of simulation experiments is conducted and results confirm that the introduction of mobile data collectors in wireless sensor networks reduces the bottleneck at the nodes closer to the sink. Our proposed mobility technique for data gathering introduces no traffic or energy overhead. In fact, it significantly reduces traffic and, consequently, packet delay and energy dissipation by reducing the average number of hops that data packets traverse from source sensor nodes to sinks or mobile data collectors.