Congestion avoidance and control
SIGCOMM '88 Symposium proceedings on Communications architectures and protocols
Mobile IP: the Internet unplugged
Mobile IP: the Internet unplugged
On estimating end-to-end network path properties
Proceedings of the conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
The Eifel algorithm: making TCP robust against spurious retransmissions
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
On making TCP more robust to packet reordering
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Mobile IP; Design Principles and Practices
Mobile IP; Design Principles and Practices
Optimized Smooth Handoffs in Mobile IP
ISCC '99 Proceedings of the The Fourth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications
IEEE Communications Magazine
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Smooth handoff has been introduced in mobile IP to overcome the problem of packets loss during handoff. However, smooth handoff causes packets sequence disruption during packets forwarding procedure, which may result in degradation of network performances in higher layer protocols. In this paper, the impact of receiving out-of-sequence packets by a mobile node on TCP and UDP applications is studied and discussed. In addition, a solution to minimise the arrival of out-of-sequence packets to the mobile node is proposed. This solution anticipates the forwarding of packets from the current foreign agent to the new one while the mobile node initiates a handoff. To evaluate this solution, the unstable time period (UTP), when packets sequence could be mis-ordered is used. It is shown that the UTP in our solution is lower than the UTP in classical smooth handoff. Furthermore, it is also shown that this solution reduces considerably the out-of-sequence packets generated by smooth handoff.