Cell tuple based spatio-temporal data model: an object oriented approach
Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Advances in geographic information systems
Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals
Communications of the ACM
Object-Oriented Design for Temporal GIS
Object-Oriented Design for Temporal GIS
Getting to Know Arcgis Desktop: The Basics of ArcView, Arceditor, and Arcinfo
Getting to Know Arcgis Desktop: The Basics of ArcView, Arceditor, and Arcinfo
Management Information Systems for the Information Age with CD and MISource
Management Information Systems for the Information Age with CD and MISource
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Traditionally, students acquire history knowledge from hardcopy textbooks. They are usually lost in the geographical space and confused about the relationship between different history events. A history event includes information about "who initiated the event", "what happened", "when it happened", and "where the event happened". Person, space, and time are indispensable elements for history events. This research developed a spatial-person-temporal online history educational system. This system is based on SPATO (Spatial, Person, Action/Attribute, and Temporal Object), hence, named as HES-SPATO (History Educational System based on SPATO). HES-SPATO is developed based on the Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM). SCORM promotes efforts to create flexible learning materials with reusability, durability, accessibility, and interoperability. SPATO, the backbone of the proposed system, is an object to specify "where", "who/whom", "what", and "when" about history events. By integrating SPATOs with different types of assets, SCORM-based history learning materials such as SCOs, lessons, and courses can be formed accordingly. With application of the temporal logic to reason the temporal relationships between history events, HES-SPATO makes it possible to present history events in sequences with animation to clearly illustrate the dynamics of history events. In addition, the GIS concept of information layers is applied to develop the student interface. With the developed student interface, students can select features, displayed with different layer, to realize history events more clearly, in the manner they want, zoom in to see features at closer range, view variety supplement learning materials at the same time, and view SCOs according to his own progress and steps. Also, the interface can only display space information directly related to the history event, as defined in SPATO, to reduce the problem of cognitive overload.