A randomized protocol for signing contracts
Communications of the ACM
STOC '91 Proceedings of the twenty-third annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Certified email with a light on-line trusted third party: design and implementation
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on World Wide Web
Simple and fast optimistic protocols for fair electronic exchange
Proceedings of the twenty-second annual symposium on Principles of distributed computing
The exact security of digital signatures-how to sign with RSA and Rabin
EUROCRYPT'96 Proceedings of the 15th annual international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
Optimistic fair exchange of digital signatures
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Efficient and secure protocol in fair certified E-mail delivery
WSEAS Transactions on Information Science and Applications
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Fair exchange is an electronic data exchange protocol that allows both sender and receiver to exchange information such that either all of parties have the exchanged information or none of them do. All existing approaches to fair exchange achieve the fair exchange property between a single sender and a receiver. However, they are unable to provide the fair exchange for all senders. A malicious receiver can deny receiving messages from some legitimate senders but do receive messages from conspired senders. Such unfair exchange is devastating in many applications such as electronic auction where the conspired sender can be the bid winner easily. We propose a fair exchange protocol which offers a new property, namely undeniable fairness for all senders. We show that our protocol is practical and secure for the fair exchange system.