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This paper presents the design and rationale of TinySA, a lightweight security architecture for wireless sensor networks and so-called "smart dust" running the TinyOS operating system. TinySA consists of a suite of security protocols and cryptographic primitives to ensure confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of communication in a sensor network. An integral part of TinySA is a highly optimized elliptic curve cryptosystem, which has been developed from scratch to comply with the extremely limited computational resources available in sensor nodes like the MicaZ mote. This elliptic curve system combines efficient finite field arithmetic with fast curve arithmetic and requires only 5.5.106 clock cycles to compute a 160-bit point multiplication on the Atmega128 processor. Even though our results show that strong elliptic curve cryptography is feasible on sensor nodes, its energy requirements are still orders of magnitude higher compared to that of symmetric cryptosystems. Therefore, TinySA uses elliptic curve cryptography only for infrequent but security-critical operations like key establishment during the initial configuration of the sensor network or the authentication of routing information.