A Perceptual Audio Hashing Algorithm: A Tool for Robust Audio Identification and Information Hiding
IHW '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Information Hiding
Performance Analysis of Robust Audio Hashing
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
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Multimedia fingerprinting, also known as robust or perceptual hashing, aims at representing multimedia signals through compact and perceptually significant descriptors (hash values). In this paper, we examine the probability of collision of a certain general class of robust hashing systems that, in its binary alphabet version, encompasses a number of existing robust audio hashing algorithms. Our analysis relies on modelling the fingerprint (hash) symbols by means of Markov chains, which is generally realistic due to the hash synchronization properties usually required in multimedia identification. We provide theoretical expressions of performance, and show that the use of M-ary alphabets is advantageous with respect to binary alphabets. We show how these general expressions explain the performance of Philips fingerprinting, whose probability of collision had only been previously estimated through heuristics.