High-resolution landform classification using fuzzy k-means
Fuzzy Sets and Systems - Special issue on Uncertainty in geographic information systems and spatial data
Multi-scale and multi-criteria mapping of mountain peaks as fuzzy entities
International Journal of Geographical Information Science
Using NDVI to define thermal south in several mountainous landscapes of California
Computers & Geosciences
International Journal of Geographical Information Science
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This paper documents resolution dependencies in terrain analysis and describes how they vary across landform location. Six terrain attributes were evaluated as a function of DEM resolution-slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, north-south slope orientation, east-west slope orientation, and topographic wetness index. The research highlights the effect of varying spatial resolution through a spatial sampling/resampling scheme while maintaining sets of indexed sample points at various resolutions. Tested sample points therefore coincide exactly between two directly compared resolutions in terms of their location and elevation value. An unsupervised landform classification procedure based on statistical clustering algorithms was employed to define landform classes in a reproducible manner. Correlation and regression analyses identified sensitive and consistent responses for each attribute as resolution was changed, although the tested terrain attributes responded in characteristically different ways. These responses displayed distinguishable patterns among various landform classes, a conclusion that was further verified by a series of two-sample, two-tailed t-tests.