The society of mind
AI: the tumultuous history of the search for artificial intelligence
AI: the tumultuous history of the search for artificial intelligence
Machine Dreams: Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science
Machine Dreams: Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science
Alan Turing
Machines Who Think
Computers and Thought
Empirical explorations of the logic theory machine: a case study in heuristic
IRE-AIEE-ACM '57 (Western) Papers presented at the February 26-28, 1957, western joint computer conference: Techniques for reliability
Modeling human mental processes
IRE-AIEE-ACM '61 (Western) Papers presented at the May 9-11, 1961, western joint IRE-AIEE-ACM computer conference
STATE OF APPLICATIONS IN AI RESEARCHES FROM AI*IA 2005
Applied Artificial Intelligence
Searching in a maze, in search of knowledge: issues in early artificial intelligence
Reasoning, Action and Interaction in AI Theories and Systems
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The expression "artificial intelligence" (AI) was introduced by John McCarthy, and the official birth of AI is unanimously considered to be the 1956 Dartmouth Conference. Thus, AI turned fifty in 2006. How did AI begin? Several differently motivated analyses have been proposed as to its origins. In this paper a brief look at those that might be considered steps towards Dartmouth is attempted, with the aim of showing how a number of research topics and controversies that marked the short history of AI were touched on, or fairly well stated, during the year immediately preceding Dartmouth. The framework within which those steps were taken was the development of digital computers. Earlier computer applications in areas such as complex decision making and management, at that time dealt with by operations research techniques, were important in this story. The time was ripe for AI's intriguingly tumultuous development, marked as it has been by hopes and defeats, successes and difficulties.