On the nature of models in remote sensing
Remote Sensing of Environment
Independent component analysis, a new concept?
Signal Processing - Special issue on higher order statistics
Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications
Neural Networks
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis: An Introduction
Remote Sensing Digital Image Analysis: An Introduction
Independent Component Analysis: Principles and Practice
Independent Component Analysis: Principles and Practice
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Unsupervised image classification, segmentation, and enhancement using ICA mixture models
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A general procedure for learning mixtures of independent component analyzers
Pattern Recognition
ICA mixtures applied to ultrasonic nondestructive classification of archaeological ceramics
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on signal processing in advanced nondestructive materials inspection
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Conventional remote sensing classification algorithms assume that the data in each class can be modelled using a multivariate Gaussian distribution. As this assumption is often not valid in practice, conventional algorithms do not perform well. In this paper, we present an independent component analysis (ICA)-based approach for unsupervised classification of multi/hyperspectral imagery. ICA used for a mixture model estimates the data density in each class and models class distributions with non-Gaussian (sub-and super-Gaussian) probability density functions, resulting in the ICA mixture model (ICAMM) algorithm. Independent components and the mixing matrix for each class are found using an extended information-maximization algorithm, and the class membership probabilities for each pixel are computed. The pixel is allocated to the class having maximum class membership probability to produce a classification. We apply the ICAMM algorithm for unsupervised classification of images obtained from both multispectral and hyperspectral sensors. Four feature extraction techniques are considered as a preprocessing step to reduce the dimensionality of the hyperspectral data. The results demonstrate that the ICAMM algorithm significantly outperforms the conventional K-means algorithm for land cover classification produced from both multi-and hyperspectral remote sensing images.