Probabilistic checking of proofs; a new characterization of NP

  • Authors:
  • S. Arora;S. Safra

  • Affiliations:
  • California Univ., Berkeley, CA, USA;-

  • Venue:
  • SFCS '92 Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
  • Year:
  • 1992

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Abstract

The authors give a new characterization of NP: the class NP contains exactly those languages L for which membership proofs (a proof that an input x is in L) can be verified probabilistically in polynomial time using logarithmic number of random bits and sub-logarithmic number of queries to the proof. This is a non-relativizing characterization of NP. They discuss implications of this characterization; specifically, they show that approximating clique (or independent set) is NP-hard.