A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols
MobiCom '98 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
End-to-end performance and fairness in multihop wireless backhaul networks
Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Proceedings of the 6th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Modeling media access in embedded two-flow topologies of multi-hop wireless networks
Proceedings of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
An incentive-based fairness mechanism for multi-hop wireless backhaul networks with selfish nodes
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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Network simulators, such as ns-2, Qualnet and OPNET, are widely used in performance evaluations for network protocols and systems. Therefore, the accuracy of these network simulators is critical to research community, especially for wireless networks as the physical evaluations are difficult to setup and conduct. In this paper, we point out the incorrect simulation results generated by current ns-2 implementation employed by numerous research works. The reason (called the incorrect error frame assumption in this paper) is due to incorrect handling of frames from stations located within the carrier sense and transmission ranges of the receiver in the two-ray ground propagation model. Although the two-ray ground propagation model is a simplified physical model that does not consider cumulative interference and noise level, it is the most common used model for wireless simulations. Moreover, this incorrect assumption has been widely misused in the research community, and it affects the simulation results significantly. The issue is therefore important to investigate and clarify. We present a detailed description for the problem and conduct simulations to show how the problem impacts the simulation results from the MAC to application layers. We also suggest an implementation that fixes the IEF assumption and present the current bit-error model for the ns-2 simulator.