Optimization theory with applications
Optimization theory with applications
Lateral error recovery for media streaming in application-level multicast
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
A comparison of sender-initiated and receiver-initiated reliable multicast protocols
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Video multicast using layered FEC and scalable compression
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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As a way of implementing multicast delivery, application-level multicast (ALM) is known for its various advantages including high flexibility and easy deployment. However, one of its key limitations in achieving reliability and quality-of-service (QoS) for streaming services is the hierarchical error propagation caused by its tree structure. As a solution to this error propagation problem, we propose an unequal error recovery (UER) scheme where we apply different number of retransmissions to the different levels of the ALM tree. The error recovery scheme is implemented using reliable-UDP (RUDP). For each node of the ALM tree, the optimal number of the maximum retransmissions that minimizes the residual loss rate is obtained using Lagrange theory for a given delay constraint. Compared to the equal error recovery scheme where the equal number of maximum retransmissions is applied throughout the ALM tree, the proposed UER scheme shows up to 10% improvement in residual loss rate while maintaining acceptable delay overhead for real-time streaming applications.