Evolving action selection and selective attention without actions, attention, or selection
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior on From animals to animats 5
Spikes: exploring the neural code
Spikes: exploring the neural code
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning
Simple model of spiking neurons
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
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It has been shown recently that dopamine signalled modulation of spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity (DA-STDP) can enable reinforcement learning of delayed stimulus-reward associations when both stimulus and reward are delivered at precisely timed intervals. Here, we test whether a similar model can support learning in an embodied context, in which timing of both sensory input and delivery of reward depend on the agent's behaviour. We show that effective reinforcement learning is indeed possible, but only when stimuli are gated so as to occur as near-synchronous patterns of neural activity and when neuroanatomical constraints are imposed which predispose agents to exploratative behaviours. Extinction of learned responses in this model is subsequently shown to result from agent-environment interactions and not directly from any specific neural mechanism.