Towards a standard upper ontology
Proceedings of the international conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems - Volume 2001
Description logic programs: combining logic programs with description logic
WWW '03 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web
Structured objects in owl: representation and reasoning
Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web
Query Answering for OWL-DL with rules
Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web
Ontology performance profiling and model examination: first steps
ISWC'07/ASWC'07 Proceedings of the 6th international The semantic web and 2nd Asian conference on Asian semantic web conference
Ontology design patterns for semantic web content
ISWC'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on The Semantic Web
Making sense of design patterns
EKAW'10 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Knowledge engineering and management by the masses
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A recurrent pattern in the representation of actions and processes is the notion of exchange. It is a concept primarily characterised by a structure of processes or actions, rather than inherent properties, but has a strong ontological flavour. Exchange is furthermore governed by reciprocity, reflected by the way in which roles are constrained.Representing exchange and other structured objects in an ontology poses a number of conceptual and technical problems. While these concepts require a diamond like structure, DLs are generally restricted to tree structures only. Constraints on the identity of the individuals that fill the roles in e.g. transactions cannot be enforced directly in the A-Box. In this paper we present a knowledge pattern and methodology for approximating such structures.