Boundary-based lower-bound functions for dynamic time warping and their indexing
Information Sciences: an International Journal
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The Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) is state-of-the-art distance measure widely used in sequential pattern matching and it outperforms Euclidean distance in most cases because its matching is elastic and robust. It is tempting to substitute DTW distance for Euclidean distance in the Gaussian RBF kernel and plug it into the state-of-the art classifier Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for sequence classification. However, it is not straightforward that DTW also outperforms Euclidean distance in kernel machines. While counter-examples can be found to numerically provethat DTW is not Positive Definite Symmetric (PDS)acceptableby SVM, little is known why it can not be PDS theoretically. We analyze the DTW kernel and complete a theoretical proof via the connection between PDS kernel and Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS). Our analysis leads to a better understanding that all Hilbertian metrics can be be converted to a PDS kernel in the Gaussian form, while the reverse is not true. The proof can be extended to conclude that elastic matching distance is not eligible to construct PDS kernels (e.g., Edit distance). Experiments were conducted to compare the RBF-kernel and DTW kernel in SVM classifications and the results show that simple Euclidean distance outperforms DTW in kernel machines.