Computers and Operations Research
Local agent-based self-stabilisation in global resource utilisation
International Journal of Autonomic Computing
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Load balancing in electricity grids becomes a more sophisticated problem by the increased availability of time-varying stochastic supply of electricity from conversion of renewable resources like wind or sunlight. Due to the fact that large quantities of electrical energy cannot be stored easily, demand side management by shifting electrical loads is one attempt to cope with this problem. In this paper we discuss and compare two types of control signals to use the thermal storage of electrical household appliances as balancing power. As the system of our research consists of a high number of controllable refrigerators with independent parameters and behaviour, we investigate the synergetic behaviour by a simulation model. For this objective we analyze a simulation model of controllable refrigerators with respect to their ability to shift their energy demand depending on parameterized external signals. We show that both types of control signals can be used for short term reserves with delivery within 15min of time, but they differ in possible shapes of the resulting load curves and in the reaction time of the controlled system. In addition to the simulation model we develop a model of the synergetic behaviour of an ensemble of refrigerators' reaction on control signals. This mathematical model predicts the electricity demand of ensembles of controlled appliances. As it reduces the simulation model's complexity it could be used in a sophisticated control strategy, e.g. in a model predictive control approach. The general attempt to integrate the load shift potential of cooling devices into the control of an electricity grid can probably be transferred to other electrical appliances with thermal storage capacities.