Distance transformations in digital images
Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing
A fast algorithm for Euclidean distance maps of a 2-D binary image
Information Processing Letters
A fast Legendre transform algorithm and applications to the adhesion model
Journal of Scientific Computing
SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis
A fast computational algorithm for the Legendre-Fenchel transform
Computational Optimization and Applications
Sequential Operations in Digital Picture Processing
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Fast visualization of plane-like structures in voxel data
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '02
Linear Time Euclidean Distance Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Distance transformation and skeletonization of 3D pictures and their applications to medical images
Digital and image geometry
Fast Euclidean distance transformation in two scans using a 3 × 3 neighborhood
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A Linear Euclidean Distance Transform Algorithm Based on the Linear-Time Legendre Transform
CRV '05 Proceedings of the 2nd Canadian conference on Computer and Robot Vision
Signed Distance Transform Using Graphics Hardware
Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS'03)
Fast and exact signed Euclidean distance transformation with linear complexity
ICASSP '99 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1999. on 1999 IEEE International Conference - Volume 06
An efficient euclidean distance transform
IWCIA'04 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Combinatorial Image Analysis
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We present several sequential exact Euclidean distance transform algorithms. The algorithms are based on fundamental transforms of convex analysis: The Legendre Conjugate or Legendre-Fenchel transform, and the Moreau envelope or Moreau-Yosida approximate. They combine the separability of the Euclidean distance with convex properties to achieve an optimal linear-time complexity. We compare them with a Parabolic Envelope distance transform, and provide several extensions. All the algorithms presented perform equally well in higher dimensions. They can naturally handle grayscale images, and their principles are generic enough to apply to other transforms.