Identifying Modeling Errors in Signatures by Model Checking
Proceedings of the 16th International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking Software
Impact of IT monoculture on behavioral end host intrusion detection
Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Research on enterprise networking
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In its most general form, an attack signature is a program that can correctly determine if an input network packet sequence can successfully attack a protected network application. Filter rules used in firewall and network intrusion prevention systems (NIPS) are an abstract form of attack signature. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of an automated attack signature generation system called Trag, that automatically generates an executable attack signature program from a victim program’s source and a given attack input. Trag leverages dynamic data and control dependencies to extract relevant code in the victim program, accurately identifies variable initialization statements that are not executed in the given attack, is able to generate attack signatures for multi-process network applications, and reduces the size of attack signatures by exploiting responses from victim programs. Experiments with a fully working Trag prototype show that Trag’s signatures can indeed prevent attacks against multiple production-grade vulnerable server/web applications, such as apache, wu-ftpd and MyBullentinBoard, with up to 65% reduction in size when compared with the victim program. In terms of performance overhead, the additional latency as observed from the client-side is no more than 25 usec for multi-process web applications, while the overall throughput remains unaffected.