The internet worm program: an analysis
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Communications of the ACM
Code red worm propagation modeling and analysis
Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Code-Red: a case study on the spread and victims of an internet worm
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet measurment
How to Own the Internet in Your Spare Time
Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Security Symposium
IEEE Security and Privacy
Recent worms: a survey and trends
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Rapid malcode
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Rapid malcode
Experiences with worm propagation simulations
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Rapid malcode
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Rapid malcode
Modeling the effects of timing parameters on virus propagation
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM workshop on Rapid malcode
IEEE Security and Privacy
Modeling and Automated Containment of Worms
DSN '05 Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM workshop on Rapid malcode
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Recently, active worms have done significant damage due to their rapid propagation over the Internet. We studied propagation mechanisms of active worms employing single target discovery technique and various combinations of two or three different target discovery techniques from attackers' perspective. We performed a series of simulation experiments to investigate their propagation characteristics under various scenarios. We found uniform scanning to be an indispensable elementary target discovery technique of active worms. Our major contributions in this paper are first, we proposed the discrete time deterministic Compensation Factor Adjusted Propagation (CFAP) model of active worms; and second, we suggested the combination of target discovery techniques that can best accelerate propagation of active worms discovered from results of the comprehensive simulations. The significance of this paper lies in it being very beneficial to understanding of propagation mechanisms of active worms, and thus building effective and efficient defense systems against their propagation.