The comparison of programming languages: A linguistic approach
ACM '68 Proceedings of the 1968 23rd ACM national conference
Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals
Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals
An overview of programming languages for specialized application areas
AFIPS '72 (Spring) Proceedings of the May 16-18, 1972, spring joint computer conference
Language selection for applications
AFIPS '73 Proceedings of the June 4-8, 1973, national computer conference and exposition
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Although considerable attention has been given to the measurement of compilers (e.g., size of compiler, amount of memory needed for compilation, speed of compilation and object program, size of object code), virtually nothing has been done about measurement of languages. This is not an empty issue, because there are a number of relevant and significant questions pertaining to programming languages for which we would like to have (quantitative) answers. For example, given three languages which two are most alike? By what criteria? Which of them is most like some fourth language? How could we develop a general ranking or hierarchy for a set of languages according to features so as to handle subsets and extensions? Probably the most important practical question is "For a given application or set of applications, which language is best?"