On calibrating measurements of packet transit times
SIGMETRICS '98/PERFORMANCE '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGMETRICS joint international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Wireless sensor networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
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Wireless sensor networks have become an important and promising research area during the last recent years. Clock synchronization is one of the areas that play a crucial role in the design, implementation, and operation of wireless sensor networks. Under the assumption that there is no clock skew between sensor nodes, the Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) of clock offset was proved by [1] for clock synchronization protocols that assume exponential random delays and a two-way message exchange mechanism such as TPSN (Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks [2]). This MLE is asymptotically unbiased. However, the estimator is biased in the presence of a finite number of samples and much more biased in asymmetric random delay models, where the upstream delay characteristics are different from the downstream delay characteristics, and thus its performance is deteriorated. This paper proposes clock offset estimators based on the bootstrap bias correction approach, which estimates and corrects the bias of the MLE in the exponential delay model, and hence it results in better performances in mean squared error (MSE).