Packet reordering is not pathological network behavior
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
A comparison of mechanisms for improving mobile IP handoff latency for end-to-end TCP
Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
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In the field of mobility support, several mobility protocols resort to the use of triangulation mechanisms as a means of supporting fast handovers or basic connectivity. In order to reduce the maximum end-to-end delay of the packets, such triangulations can be later removed to enable direct routing of the data packets. However, using a simple update of this routing entry can cause the reception of out-of-order packets at the mobile node receiver, as the direct packets can arrive earlier than the triangulated packets. This paper proposes a generic optimal de-triangulation mechanism that neither causes out-of-order packets nor increases the packet delay, for any combination of asymmetric links delays. After an analytic framework analysis contribution, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm is evaluated using simulation studies, in which the packet losses, packet delay, handover latency and control/data load metrics are measured.