A relational model of data for large shared data banks
Communications of the ACM
REGIS: a relational information system with graphics and statistics
AFIPS '76 Proceedings of the June 7-10, 1976, national computer conference and exposition
RISS: a generalized minicomputer relational data base management system
AFIPS '75 Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition
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Many hundreds of programming systems have been developed in recent years to aid programmers in the management of large amounnts of data. Some trends in the development of these data management systems are followed in this paper and combined with ideas now being studied to predict the architecture of the next generation of data management systems. The evolution of data management facilities can be grouped into several generations with fuzzy boundaries. Generation zero was the era when each programmer wrote all his own input, output, and data manipulation facilities. A new generation of facilities occurred with the use of standard access methods and standard input/output conversion routines for all programs at an installation or on a particular computer system. The second generation of data management was the development of file manipulation and report writing systems such as RPG, EASYTRIEVE, and MARK IV. Much more comprehensive facilities for the creation, updating, and accessing of large structures of files are included in the third generation of generalized data management systems such as IMS/2, IDS, and the CODASYL specifications. Each of these generations of data management systems marked great increases in system flexibility, generality, modularity, and usability. Before speculating on the future of data management, let us survey this history in more detail.