Digital watermarking
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
Geometric Attacks on Image Watermarking Systems
IEEE MultiMedia
A Performance Evaluation of Local Descriptors
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Secret and public key image watermarking schemes for image authentication and ownership verification
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Robust Image Watermarking Based on Multiband Wavelets and Empirical Mode Decomposition
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Image adaptive watermarking using wavelet domain singular value decomposition
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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In this paper, a robust image watermarking algorithm based on principal component analysis and discrete wavelet transform is proposed for copyright protection. At first, an orientation histogram is obtained from the direction of the feature points of an image identified by a scale invariant feature transform in the proposed watermark embedding scheme. The highest peak of the orientation histogram regarded as the dominant orientation of an image is a start index to divide the image into bins covering 360 degree range of orientation. Moreover, the most important principal components of image coefficients within each bin are obtained after applying principal component analysis. Finally, the copyright watermark is inserted into the wavelet coefficients of these components in quantization steps. Similarly, the proposed watermark detecting scheme follows the above procedure to blindly extract the copyright watermark from a watermarked image. Various attacks are applied to the watermarked images in order to examine the robustness of our algorithm. The experimental results in this paper show that the proposed watermarking algorithm can tolerate JPEG compression, median filtering, Gaussian filtering, sharpening, and rotation attacks.