Key Independent Watermark Detection

Authors:
R. G. Van Schyndel;I. D. Svalbe;A. Z. Tirkel
Affiliations:
Monash University;Monash University;Scientific Technology
Venue:
ICMCS '99 Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems - Volume 2
Year:
1999

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Abstract

Many types of pseudo-random signals have been used to embed signatures as watermarks, with spread spectrum signal techniques used to recover the signature from the encrypted data. Legendre sequences are a suitable candidate for signature encryption as they exhibit 'perfect' two level auto-correlation.Additionally, Legendre sequences have the unusual and interesting property of invariance under Fourier transformation; the spatial and frequency representation of each sequence is identical up to a phase factor.The presence of a Legendre-based watermark, embedded in the pixel or transform domain, can be detected by cross-correlating a sequence-encrypted image with its Fourier transform. This property enables verification of the presence of a watermark (of specified length), without requiring prior knowledge of the sequence type or key used for the encryption.