Continuously variable duration hidden Markov models for automatic speech recognition
Computer Speech and Language
A Hidden Semi-Markov Model-Based Speech Synthesis System
IEICE - Transactions on Information and Systems
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In a hidden Markov model (HMM), state duration probabilities decrease exponentially with time, which fails to adequately represent the temporal structure of speech. One of the solutions to this problem is integrating state duration probability distributions explicitly into the HMM. This form is known as a hidden semi-Markov model (HSMM). However, though a number of attempts to use HSMMs in speech recognition systems have been proposed, they are not consistent because various approximations were used in both training and decoding. By avoiding these approximations using a generalized forward-backward algorithm, a context-dependent duration modeling technique and weighted finite-state transducers (WFSTs), we construct a fully consistent HSMM-based speech recognition system. In a speaker-dependent continuous speech recognition experiment, our system achieved about 9.1% relative error reduction over the corresponding HMM-based system.