Power provisioning for a warehouse-sized computer
Proceedings of the 34th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Queue - Virtualization
Understanding and Designing New Server Architectures for Emerging Warehouse-Computing Environments
ISCA '08 Proceedings of the 35th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
Towards more effective utilization of computer systems
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance engineering
Balancing electricity bill and performance in server farms with setup costs
Future Generation Computer Systems
ReRack: power simulation for data centers with renewable energy generation
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Towards a net-zero data center
ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems (JETC)
UCC '13 Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM 6th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing
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There are five main components to the cost of delivering computing in a data center: (i) the construction of the data center building itself; (ii) the power and cooling infrastructure for the data center; (iii) the acquisition cost of the servers that populate the data center; (iv) the cost of electricity to power (and cool) the servers; and (v) the cost of managing those servers. We first study the fundamental economics of operating such a data center with a model that captures the first four costs. We call these the physical cost, as it does not include the labor cost. We show that it makes economic sense to design data centers for relatively low power densities, and that increasing server utilization is an efficient way to reduce total cost of computation. We then develop a cost/performance model that includes the management cost and allows the evaluation of the optimal server size for consolidation. We show that, for a broad range of operating and cost conditions, servers with 4 to 16 processor sockets result in the lowest total cost of computing.