The in-formation of information systems
Critical issues in information systems research
Information systems development and data modeling: conceptual and philosophical foundations
Information systems development and data modeling: conceptual and philosophical foundations
Information flow: the logic of distributed systems
Information flow: the logic of distributed systems
Formal Concept Analysis: Mathematical Foundations
Formal Concept Analysis: Mathematical Foundations
Formal concept analysis in information science
Annual Review of Information Science and Technology
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The paper discusses four types of knowledge concepts, especially three kinds of uncertain knowledge, based on relationships among data, information and meaning. The goal is to fuse research results on knowledge engineering and epistemology. We analyze four kinds of basic connection forms (i.e. meaning) between information and dada by using formal context, and obtain their physical signification. Following Dretske's semantic information theory, we analyze information entropy of the four types of meaning. Then using the information entropy obtained, we look at how data convey information content, and how the types of meaning relate to different concepts in knowledge. Finally, we realize that uncertain knowledge is involved in all the above, therefore we further express the four types of meaning (i.e., four types of connections between information and data) by using Rough Set, and which deepens our understanding of uncertain knowledge.