NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Evolution of spectrum-agile cognitive radios: first wireless internet standard and beyond
WICON '06 Proceedings of the 2nd annual international workshop on Wireless internet
Cognitive PHY and MAC layers for dynamic spectrum access and sharing of TV bands
TAPAS '06 Proceedings of the first international workshop on Technology and policy for accessing spectrum
Spectrum sharing through distributed coordination in dynamic spectrum access networks
Wireless Communications & Mobile Computing - Cognitive Radio, Software Defined Radio And Adaptive Wireless Systems
OS-MAC: An Efficient MAC Protocol for Spectrum-Agile Wireless Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Efficient Discovery of Spectrum Opportunities with MAC-Layer Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
CRAHNs: Cognitive radio ad hoc networks
Ad Hoc Networks
CREAM-MAC: An efficient Cognitive Radio-enAbled Multi-Channel MAC protocol for wireless networks
WOWMOM '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks
Optimal spectrum sensing framework for cognitive radio networks
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Decentralized cognitive MAC for opportunistic spectrum access in ad hoc networks: A POMDP framework
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
HC-MAC: A Hardware-Constrained Cognitive MAC for Efficient Spectrum Management
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Spectrum management in cognitive radio ad hoc networks
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking - Special issue title on networking over multi-hop cognitive networks
Cognitive radio sensor networks
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking - Special issue title on networking over multi-hop cognitive networks
Secondary user friendly TDMA scheduling for primary users in cognitive radio networks
GLOBECOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE conference on Global telecommunications
Multi-radio medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks
International Journal of Sensor Networks
A resource management design for cognitive radio ad hoc networks
MILCOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE conference on Military communications
A decentralized MAC for opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive wireless networks
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM workshop on Cognitive radio networks
Channel selection in spectrum agile and cognitive MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 8th ACM international workshop on Mobility management and wireless access
Mean-variance based QoS management in cognitive radio
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Routing in cognitive radio networks: Challenges and solutions
Ad Hoc Networks
Cognitive radios for dynamic spectrum access: from concept to reality
IEEE Wireless Communications
MAC and routing protocols for AD-HOC cognitive radio networks
ELECTRO'10 Proceedings of the 8th WSEAS international conference on Applied electromagnetics, wireless and optical communications
A sensing policy based on the statistical property of licensed channel in cognitive network
International Journal of Internet Protocol Technology
Analysis of optimal random access policies for cognitive radio networks under Rayleigh fading
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Queueing Theory and Network Applications
Cross-entropy optimized cognitive radio policies
NETWORKING'11 Proceedings of the IFIP TC 6th international conference on Networking
A MAC protocol for cognitive radio wireless ad hoc networks
MACOM'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Multiple access communications
WiSpot: fast and reliable detection of Wi-Fi networks using IEEE 802.15.4 radios
Proceedings of the 9th ACM international symposium on Mobility management and wireless access
Reactive routing for mobile cognitive radio ad hoc networks
Ad Hoc Networks
International Journal of Communication Systems
A MAC-Layer QoS Provisioning Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Cooperative sensing-before-transmit in ad-hoc multi-hop cognitive radio scenarios
WWIC'12 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Wired/Wireless Internet Communication
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
A Co-optimization Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Licensed user activity estimation and track in mobile cognitive radio ad hoc networks
Computers and Electrical Engineering
A decentralized MAC protocol for opportunistic spectrum access in cognitive wireless networks
Computer Communications
FMAC for coexisting ad hoc cognitive radio networks
WASA'13 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications
Spectrum sharing optimization with QoS guarantee in cognitive radio networks
Computers and Electrical Engineering
CogNS: A Simulation Framework for Cognitive Radio Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Decentralized Predictive MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Cognitive Radio Networks
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
On cognitive processes in cognitive radio networks
Wireless Networks
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In cognitive radio (CR) networks, identifying the available spectrum resource through spectrum sensing, deciding on the optimal sensing and transmission times, and coordinating with the other users for spectrum access are the important functions of the medium access control (MAC) protocols. In this survey, the characteristic features, advantages, and the limiting factors of the existing CR MAC protocols are thoroughly investigated for both infrastructure-based and ad hoc networks. First, an overview of the spectrum sensing is given, as it ensures that the channel access does not result in interference to the licensed users of the spectrum. Next, a detailed classification of the MAC protocols is presented while considering the infrastructure support, integration of spectrum sensing functionalities, the need for time synchronization, and the number of radio transceivers. The main challenges and future research directions are presented, while highlighting the close coupling of the MAC protocol design with the other layers of the protocol stack.