Indoor tracking in WLAN location with TOA measurements
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on Mobility management and wireless access
Sensor Measurements for Wi-Fi Location with Emphasis on Time-of-Arrival Ranging
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Measuring round trip times to determine the distance between WLAN nodes
NETWORKING'05 Proceedings of the 4th IFIP-TC6 international conference on Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communication Systems
Super-resolution TOA estimation with diversity for indoor geolocation
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Overview of radiolocation in CDMA cellular systems
IEEE Communications Magazine
CAESAR: carrier sense-based ranging in off-the-shelf 802.11 wireless LAN
Proceedings of the Seventh COnference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies
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TOA-based trilateration constitutes an interesting choice to locate terminals employing WLAN networks. A major limitation of this technique is the requirement for hardware modifications in the WLAN device in order to achieve accurate ranging. This paper presents an approach that overcomes this limitation. It is based on RTT measurements performed through time-stamping the transmission and reception of IEEE 802.11 MAC frames from the WLAN driver's code, employing the CPU clock as time-base. Some statistical processing is needed in order to mitigate the noise of the measurements. This paper presents experimental results obtained with a prototype showing ranging errors of a few meters when applied to estimate distances up to 25 meters in both indoor and outdoor environments.