The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems
SIAM Journal on Computing
Witness indistinguishable and witness hiding protocols
STOC '90 Proceedings of the twenty-second annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Universally composable two-party and multi-party secure computation
STOC '02 Proceedings of the thiry-fourth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Foundations of Cryptography: Basic Tools
Foundations of Cryptography: Basic Tools
SIAM Journal on Computing
Constant-Round Coin-Tossing with a Man in the Middle or Realizing the Shared Random String Model
FOCS '02 Proceedings of the 43rd Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
ICALP '00 Proceedings of the 27th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming
Robust Non-interactive Zero Knowledge
CRYPTO '01 Proceedings of the 21st Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Non-Malleable Non-Interactive Zero Knowledge and Adaptive Chosen-Ciphertext Security
FOCS '99 Proceedings of the 40th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
FOCS '00 Proceedings of the 41st Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
Universally Composable Protocols with Relaxed Set-Up Assumptions
FOCS '04 Proceedings of the 45th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
New and Improved Constructions of Nonmalleable Cryptographic Protocols
SIAM Journal on Computing
Adaptive One-Way Functions and Applications
CRYPTO 2008 Proceedings of the 28th Annual conference on Cryptology: Advances in Cryptology
Non-interactive zaps and new techniques for NIZK
CRYPTO'06 Proceedings of the 26th annual international conference on Advances in Cryptology
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Ostrovsky et al. [1] gave the first definition of non-malleable witness-indistinguishable argument systems. A surprising result given by them showed this notion was incomparable with the notion of non-malleable zero-knowledge. However, they only discussed their relations in the interactive setting. In this paper, we make an observation on relation between the two notions in the non-interactive setting. We show the two notions are still incomparable: that is, there are non-malleable non-interactive zero-knowledge proof systems that are not non-malleable non-interactive witness-indistinguishable, and vice versa.