Technical Note: \cal Q-Learning
Machine Learning
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Reinforcement Learning
Friend-or-Foe Q-learning in General-Sum Games
ICML '01 Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Multiagent learning in the presence of agents with limitations
Multiagent learning in the presence of agents with limitations
Reinforcement learning: a survey
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
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In Multiagent systems there are several agents with cooperative or competitive goals. Here, we are especially interested in zero-sum games which contain exactly two players with fully opposite goals. We describe a method based on Maximum-Expected-Utility [7] principle that learns the ingenuity of the opponent based on the moves of the opponent through a game and exploits this knowledge to play better against that opponent. Then we demonstrate an application of proposed method in the popular board game of Connect-4. The results show that the proposed method is superior compared to previous methods for adversarial environments especially when there is not adequate training for appropriate adaptation against an opponent.