A new adaptive scheme for ECG enhancement
Signal Processing
Pattern Recognition Letters
Advanced Methods And Tools for ECG Data Analysis
Advanced Methods And Tools for ECG Data Analysis
Verification of humans using the electrocardiogram
Pattern Recognition Letters
Classifier ensembles: Select real-world applications
Information Fusion
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Analysis of human electrocardiogram for biometric recognition
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
eigenPulse: Robust human identification from cardiovascular function
Pattern Recognition
Robust projective filtering of time-warped ECG beats
Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
Pattern Recognition
Laser Doppler vibrometry measures of physiological function: evaluation of biometric capabilities
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Biometric verification of a subject through eye movements
Computers in Biology and Medicine
Fiducial feature reduction analysis for electrocardiogram (ECG) based biometric recognition
Journal of Intelligent Information Systems
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The electrocardiogram (ECG) is an emerging novel biometric for human identification. One challenge for the practical use of ECG as a biometric is minimizing the time needed to acquire user data. We present a methodology for identity verification that quantifies the minimum number of heartbeats required to authenticate an enrolled individual. The approach rests on the statistical theory of sequential procedures. The procedure extracts fiducial features from each heartbeat to compute the test statistics. Sampling of heartbeats continues until a decision is reached--either verifying that the acquired ECG matches the stored credentials of the individual or that the ECG clearly does not match the stored credentials for the declared identity. We present the mathematical formulation of the sequential procedure and illustrate the performance with measured data. The initial test was performed on a limited population, twenty-nine individuals. The sequential procedure arrives at the correct decision in fifteen heartbeats or fewer in all but one instance and in most cases the decision is reached with half as many heartbeats. Analysis of an additional 75 subjects measured under different conditions indicates similar performance. Issues of generalizing beyond the laboratory setting are discussed and several avenues for future investigation are identified.