Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers
SIGCOMM '94 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
A distance routing effect algorithm for mobility (DREAM)
MobiCom '98 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols
MobiCom '98 Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
The ant colony optimization meta-heuristic
New ideas in optimization
GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Location-aided routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks
Wireless Networks
The performance of query control schemes for the zone routing protocol
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing
WMCSA '99 Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computer Systems and Applications
Ant Colony Optimization
Ant Agents for Hybrid Multipath Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
WONS '05 Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services
POSANT: A Position Based Ant Colony Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
ICWMC '07 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications
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Ant colony optimization (ACO) routing algorithm is one of adaptive and efficient routing algorithms for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In ACO routing algorithms, ant-like agents traverse the network to search a path from a source to a destination, and lay down pheromone on the path. A data packet is transferred along a path selected with probability based on the amount of pheromone. The amount of pheromone laid down on a path depends on its quality, such as its number of hops and communication delay. However, in MANETs, continuous movement of nodes causes dynamic network change with time. Thus, even if a path with a small number of hops and short communication delay has much pheromone, it may become unavailable quickly due to link disconnections. Therefore, we focus on robustness of paths to construct paths that are not likely to be disconnected during a long period. In this paper, we propose a new ACO routing algorithm based on robustness of paths for MANETs with global positioning system (GPS): each ant-like agent evaluates robustness of a path using GPS information of visited nodes and decides the amount of pheromone to lay down based on the robustness. Moreover, in our algorithm, each node predicts link disconnections from neighbors' GPS information in order to adapt to dynamic network change. To keep paths available, when a node predicts a link disconnection, it redistributes the pheromone on the link to be disconnected so that construction of alternative paths can be accelerated. Simulation results show that our algorithm achieves higher packet delivery ratio with lower communication cost than AntHocNet and LAR.