Re-evaluation of RF electromagnetic communication in underwater sensor networks
IEEE Communications Magazine
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Underwater sensor networks may be used in many underwater applications and some of these applications may transmit large amounts of data. Underwater acoustic communication is limited by several physical factors affecting communication. Time spread caused by multipath effects and frequency selective fading are major concerns.The choice of modulation technique is important. Due to the high data rate required in network applications coherent modulation techniques should be considered. In the choice of multiple access method Code Division Multiple Access is considered the most promising technique because of its robustness and resistance against frequency selective fading. Also by using a Rake receiver multipath arrivals can coherently be combined.To get an idea of multipath effects for different propagation conditions the acoustic modeling program EasyPLR is used. Sound speed profiles from different seasons of 2005 are implemented to display the seasonal variations. The results indicate multipath effects and time spread for all seasons at short range. For ranges up to 3 km time spread is kept at tens of micro seconds.