Revisiting Negative Selection Algorithms
Evolutionary Computation
Immune system approaches to intrusion detection --- a review
Natural Computing: an international journal
Cellular frustration: a new conceptual framework for understanding cell-mediated immune responses
ICARIS'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Artificial Immune Systems
Not all balls are round: an investigation of alternative recognition-region shapes
ICARIS'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Artificial Immune Systems
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The cellular frustration concept was first introduced in an ICARIS conference [1] as an alternative approach to accomplish specific and prompt intrusion detection in highly diverse systems. Cellular frustration uses two main assumptions: 1) that cells' activation are better modeled as cellular decisions and 2) that these cells' decisions require a finite amount of time to be triggered. These two assumptions have been gaining experimental support. It is now well established that T cells activation requires a considerable amount of time [2]. Experimental observations also suggest that interactions of T cells with APCs could be better modeled as cellular decisions rather than conventional probabilistic reactions [3],[4]. As a result from these assumptions the cellular frustration framework (CFF) is capable of reconciling two apparently opposing phenomena, namely high reactivity against nonself with total tolerance towards self [4].