IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Avoid 'void' in geographic routing for data aggregation in sensor networks
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing
Focused beam routing protocol for underwater acoustic networks
Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on Underwater Networks
Improving efficiency of a flooding-based routing protocol for underwater networks
Proceedings of the third ACM international workshop on Underwater Networks
Localization for large-scale underwater sensor networks
NETWORKING'07 Proceedings of the 6th international IFIP-TC6 conference on Ad Hoc and sensor networks, wireless networks, next generation internet
VBF: vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater sensor networks
NETWORKING'06 Proceedings of the 5th international IFIP-TC6 conference on Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems
The challenges of building mobile underwater wireless networks for aquatic applications
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
Movement assisted-topology control and geographic routing protocol for underwater sensor networks
Proceedings of the 16th ACM international conference on Modeling, analysis & simulation of wireless and mobile systems
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Mobile underwater sensor networks are usually featured with three-dimensional topology, high node mobility and long propagation delays. For such networks, geographic routing has been shown to be very suitable. However, routing voids pose great challenges on the greedy policy used in most geographic routing protocols. The problem is more severe for underwater sensor networks because of node mobility and three-dimensional topology. In this paper, we propose a void avoidance protocol, called Vector-Based Void Avoidance (VBVA), to address the routing void problem in mobile underwater sensor networks. VBVA adopts two mechanisms, vector-shift and back-pressure, to handle voids. Vector-shift mechanism is used to route data packets along the boundary of a void. Back-pressure mechanism routes data packets backward to bypass a concave void. VBVA handles the routing void problem on demand and thus does not need to know network topology and void information in advance. Therefore, it is very robust to cope with mobile voids in mobile networks. To the best of our knowledge, VBVA is the first void avoidance protocol to address the three-dimensional and mobile void problems in underwater sensor networks. Our simulation results show that VBVA works effectively and efficiently in mobile underwater sensor networks.