Chromium: a stream-processing framework for interactive rendering on clusters
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Virtualizing I/O Devices on VMware Workstation's Hosted Virtual Machine Monitor
Proceedings of the General Track: 2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
A comparison of software and hardware techniques for x86 virtualization
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
VMM-independent graphics acceleration
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Virtual execution environments
Larrabee: a many-core x86 architecture for visual computing
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
Communications of the ACM
Beyond programmable shading: in action
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 classes
Trusted virtual platforms: a key enabler for converged client devices
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
CUDACS: securing the cloud with CUDA-enabled secure virtualization
ICICS'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Information and communications security
TimeGraph: GPU scheduling for real-time multi-tasking environments
USENIXATC'11 Proceedings of the 2011 USENIX conference on USENIX annual technical conference
Cells: a virtual mobile smartphone architecture
SOSP '11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
Scheduler support for video-oriented multimedia on client-side virtualization
Proceedings of the 3rd Multimedia Systems Conference
The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Cells: A Virtual Smartphone Architecture
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Software techniques for avoiding hardware virtualization exits
USENIX ATC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
Gdev: first-class GPU resource management in the operating system
USENIX ATC'12 Proceedings of the 2012 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
Bell Labs Technical Journal
Virtualization: Issues, security threats, and solutions
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
VGRIS: virtualized GPU resource isolation and scheduling in cloud gaming
Proceedings of the 22nd international symposium on High-performance parallel and distributed computing
I/o paravirtualization at the device file boundary
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
pvFPGA: accessing an FPGA-based hardware accelerator in a paravirtualized environment
Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis
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Modern graphics co-processors (GPUs) can produce high fidelity images several orders of magnitude faster than general purpose CPUs, and this performance expectation is rapidly becoming ubiquitous in personal computers. Despite this, GPU virtualization is a nascent field of research. This paper introduces a taxonomy of strategies for GPU virtualization and describes in detail the specific GPU virtualization architecture developed for VMware's hosted products (VMware Workstation and VMware Fusion). We analyze the performance of our GPU virtualization with a combination of applications and microbenchmarks. We also compare against software rendering, the GPU virtualization in Parallels Desktop 3.0, and the native GPU. We find that taking advantage of hardware acceleration significantly closes the gap between pure emulation and native, but that different implementations and host graphics stacks show distinct variation. The microbenchmarks show that our architecture amplifies the overheads in the traditional graphics API bottlenecks: draw calls, downloading buffers, and batch sizes. Our virtual GPU architecture runs modern graphics-intensive games and applications at interactive frame rates while preserving virtual machine portability. The applications we tested achieve from 86% to 12% of native rates and 43 to 18 frames per second with VMware Fusion 2.0.