Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video
Signal Processing
Robust Image Watermark Using Radon Transform and Bispectrum Invariants
IH '02 Revised Papers from the 5th International Workshop on Information Hiding
A survey of RST invariant image watermarking algorithms
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
An image rectification scheme and its applications in RST invariant digital image watermarking
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Invariant Image Watermarking Based on Local Feature Regions
CW '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Cyberworlds
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Optimal differential energy watermarking of DCT encoded images and video
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Rotation, scale, and translation resilient watermarking for images
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Blind MPEG-2 video watermarking robust against geometric attacks: a set of approaches in DCT domain
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
RST-invariant digital image watermarking based on log-polar mapping and phase correlation
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A self-adaptive image normalization and quaternion PCA based color image watermarking algorithm
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Genetic swarm based robust image watermarking
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication
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In this paper, we propose a new video watermarking algorithm based on the 1D DFT (one-dimensional discrete Fourier transform) and Radon transform. The 1D DFT for a video sequence generates an ideal domain, in which the spatial information is still kept and the temporal information is obtained. With detailed analysis and calculation, we choose the frames with highest temporal frequencies to embed the fence-shaped watermark pattern in the Radon transform domain of the selected frames. The adaptive embedding strength for different locations keeps the fidelity of the watermarked video. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by video compression standard H.264 with three different bit rates; geometric attacks such as rotation, translation, and aspect-ratio changes; and other attacks like frame drop, frame swap, spatial filtering, noise addition, lighting change, and histogram equalization. The main contributions of this paper are the introduction of the 1D DFT along temporal direction for watermarking that enables the robustness against video compression, and the Radon transform-based watermark embedding and extraction that produces the robustness against geometric transformations. One of the most important advantages of this video watermarking algorithm is its simplicity and practicality.