Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 2: psychological and biological models
Computational approaches to analogical reasoning: a comparative analysis
Artificial Intelligence
The structure-mapping engine: algorithm and examples
Artificial Intelligence
The mechanisms of analogical learning
Similarity and analogical reasoning
A computational model of analogical problem solving
Similarity and analogical reasoning
Use of analogy in a production system architecture
Similarity and analogical reasoning
Learning and reasoning by analogy
Communications of the ACM
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Analogies are often used to help provide explanations of unfamiliar phenomena by comparing them to familiar phenomena. Analogical explanations are of two kinds: ones that provide systematic clarification, and ones that give a causal account of why something happened. We describe a theory and implementation of analogical mapping that applies to both kinds of explanation. The theory says that the elements of one analog are mapped onto the elements of another on the basis of structural, semantic, and pragmatic constraints. Our program ACME (Analogical Constraint Mapping Engine) uses localist networks of units representing mapping hypotheses to determine the correspondences between analogs. This paper describes ACME'S application to eight analogies that have been used by chemistry teachers.