Towards a general theory of action and time
Artificial Intelligence
Languages with self-reference I: foundations (or: we can have everything in first-order logic])
Artificial Intelligence
Journal of Automated Reasoning
Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on Theoretical aspects of reasoning about knowledge
Journal of Automated Reasoning
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We study the Knights and Knaves problem, and find that for a proper treatment via theorem-proving, an interaction with natural language processing research is helpful. In particular, we discuss Ohlbach's claim that first-order logic is not well suited to handling this problem. Then we provide another interpretation of the problem using indexicals, and axiomatize it so that the desired result follows. We conclude by suggesting a broader context for dealing with "self-utterances" in automatic theorem-proving. Fuller details of automated proofs are given in a longer paper.