Software—Practice & Experience
A case for redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID)
SIGMOD '88 Proceedings of the 1988 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Introduction to algorithms
Measurements of a distributed file system
SOSP '91 Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
A new approach to I/O performance evaluation: self-scaling I/O benchmarks, predicted I/O performance
SIGMETRICS '93 Proceedings of the 1993 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
SynRGen: an extensible file reference generator
SIGMETRICS '94 Proceedings of the 1994 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Performance '93 Proceedings of the 16th IFIP Working Group 7.3 international symposium on Computer performance modeling measurement and evaluation
Self-similarity in file systems
SIGMETRICS '98/PERFORMANCE '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGMETRICS joint international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Logical vs. physical file system backup
OSDI '99 Proceedings of the third symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Integrating content-based access mechanisms with hierarchical file systems
OSDI '99 Proceedings of the third symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
A large-scale study of file-system contents
SIGMETRICS '99 Proceedings of the 1999 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
A trace-driven analysis of the UNIX 4.2 BSD file system
Proceedings of the tenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
A low-bandwidth network file system
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Storage management and caching in PAST, a large-scale, persistent peer-to-peer storage utility
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Fast and secure distributed read-only file system
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
A Framework for Evaluating Storage System Security
FAST '02 Proceedings of the Conference on File and Storage Technologies
A study of file sizes and functional lifetimes
SOSP '81 Proceedings of the eighth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Pastiche: making backup cheap and easy
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
The Structural Cause of File Size Distributions
MASCOTS '01 Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium in Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems
Samsara: honor among thieves in peer-to-peer storage
SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
yFS: A Journaling File System Design for Handling Large Data Sets with Reduced Seeking
FAST '03 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Proceedings of the twentieth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Buttress: A Toolkit for Flexible and High Fidelity I/O Benchmarking
FAST '04 Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Segank: A Distributed Mobile Storage System
FAST '04 Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Auto-pilot: a platform for system software benchmarking
ATEC '05 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
TBBT: scalable and accurate trace replay for file server evaluation
FAST'05 Proceedings of the 4th conference on USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies - Volume 4
Cooperative caching: using remote client memory to improve file system performance
OSDI '94 Proceedings of the 1st USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation
A five-year study of file-system metadata
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Trace: parallel trace replay with approximate causal events
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
TFS: a transparent file system for contributory storage
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Pergamum: replacing tape with energy efficient, reliable, disk-based archival storage
FAST'08 Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Just-in-time analytics on large file systems
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
Metadata Traces and Workload Models for Evaluating Big Storage Systems
UCC '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE/ACM Fifth International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing
Direct lookup and hash-based metadata placement for local file systems
Proceedings of the 6th International Systems and Storage Conference
Flash caching on the storage client
USENIX ATC'13 Proceedings of the 2013 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
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The performance of file systems and related software depends on characteristics of the underlying file-system image (i.e., file-system metadata and file contents). Unfortunately, rather than benchmarking with realistic file-system images, most system designers and evaluators rely on ad hoc assumptions and (often inaccurate) rules of thumb. Furthermore, the lack of standardization and reproducibility makes file-system benchmarking ineffective. To remedy these problems, we develop Impressions, a framework to generate statistically accurate file-system images with realistic metadata and content. Impressions is flexible, supporting user-specified constraints on various file-system parameters using a number of statistical techniques to generate consistent images. In this article, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of Impressions and demonstrate its utility using desktop search as a case study. We believe Impressions will prove to be useful to system developers and users alike.