Hierarchical mixtures of experts and the EM algorithm
Neural Computation
A view of the EM algorithm that justifies incremental, sparse, and other variants
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Learning in graphical models
On the identifiability of mixtures-of-experts
Neural Networks
Reconstruction of chaotic dynamics by on-line EM algorithm
Neural Networks
Statistical modelling of artificial neural networks using the multi-layer perceptron
Statistics and Computing
An adaptive window width/center adjustment system with online training capabilities for MR images
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
On-line EM Algorithm for the Normalized Gaussian Network
Neural Computation
Adaptive mixtures of local experts
Neural Computation
A sequential neural network model for diabetes prediction
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Robust online appearance models for visual tracking
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Editorial: AI planning and scheduling in the medical hospital environment
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Graphical EM for on-line learning of grammatical probabilities in radar Electronic Support
Applied Soft Computing
Length of stay prediction for clinical treatment process using temporal similarity
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Reprint of "Length of stay prediction for clinical treatment process using temporal similarity"
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
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Objective: Inpatient length of stay (LOS) is an important measure of hospital activity, health care resource consumption, and patient acuity. This research work aims at developing an incremental expectation maximization (EM) based learning approach on mixture of experts (ME) system for on-line prediction of LOS. The use of a batch-mode learning process in most existing artificial neural networks to predict LOS is unrealistic, as the data become available over time and their pattern change dynamically. In contrast, an on-line process is capable of providing an output whenever a new datum becomes available. This on-the-spot information is therefore more useful and practical for making decisions, especially when one deals with a tremendous amount of data. Methods and material: The proposed approach is illustrated using a real example of gastroenteritis LOS data. The data set was extracted from a retrospective cohort study on all infants born in 1995-1997 and their subsequent admissions for gastroenteritis. The total number of admissions in this data set was n=692. Linked hospitalization records of the cohort were retrieved retrospectively to derive the outcome measure, patient demographics, and associated co-morbidities information. A comparative study of the incremental learning and the batch-mode learning algorithms is considered. The performances of the learning algorithms are compared based on the mean absolute difference (MAD) between the predictions and the actual LOS, and the proportion of predictions with MAD @? 1 day (Prop(MAD@?1)). The significance of the comparison is assessed through a regression analysis. Results: The incremental learning algorithm provides better on-line prediction of LOS when the system has gained sufficient training from more examples (MAD=1.77 days and Prop(MAD @? 1) =54.3%), compared to that using the batch-mode learning. The regression analysis indicates a significant decrease of MAD (p- value=0.063) and a significant (p- value=0.044) increase of Prop(MAD@?1) with the incremental learning algorithm. Conclusions: The incremental learning feature and the self-adaptive model-selection ability of the ME network enhance its effective adaptation to non-stationary LOS data. It is demonstrated that the incremental learning algorithm outperforms the batch-mode algorithm in the on-line prediction of LOS. OS.