2009 Special Issue: Hemodynamic brain-computer interfaces for communication and rehabilitation

Authors:
Ranganatha Sitaram;Andrea Caria;Niels Birbaumer
Affiliations:
Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Gartenstr. 29, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Gartenstr. 29, 72074 Tübingen, Germany and Department of Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Ita ...;Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Gartenstr. 29, 72074 Tübingen, Germany and Ospedale San Camillo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Caratt ...
Venue:
Neural Networks
Year:
2009

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Abstract

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are non-invasive methods for acquiring hemodynamic signals from the brain with the primary benefit of anatomical specificity of signals. Recently, there has been a surge of studies with NIRS and fMRI for the implementation of a brain-computer interface (BCI), for the acquisition, decoding and regulation of hemodynamic signals in the brain, and to investigate their behavioural consequences. Both NIRS and fMRI rely on the measurement of the task-induced blood oxygen level-dependent response. In this review, we consider fundamental principles, recent developments, applications and future directions and challenges of NIRS-based and fMRI-based BCIs.